The successful scale-up of CCS depends on storage infrastructure that is safe, cost-effective and able to adapt to uncertainty in future injection requirements. Drawing on practical experience from FEED studies for large-scale CO₂ storage developments, this presentation will examine how value engineering, advanced modelling and careful definition of design requirements can improve decisions and reduce whole-life cost.

 A key challenge is balancing flexibility against unnecessary overdesign. Depleted reservoirs and saline aquifers can present different and evolving pressure requirements, influencing compression, injection facilities and the way developments are phased and expanded over time. The way CO₂ reaches the storage site also influences facility design and scalability. In Europe, shipping is becoming an increasingly important option for phased and multi-emitter developments, particularly when combined with scalable intermediate storage. Blending shipped liquid CO₂ with compressed CO₂ also creates operating-envelope considerations for downstream storage and injection facilities.

 Safety and integrity remain fundamental. CO₂ transport conditions and impurities influence phase behaviour, materials selection and the potential for corrosive phase formation. Understanding these risks early allows materials and design margins to be selected appropriately without unnecessary conservatism.

 For offshore storage developments, platform weight, space and complexity are major cost drivers. Precision in design is therefore critical when assessing temporary versus permanent equipment, future expansion requirements and hybrid power system design for normally unmanned facilities.

 This presentation will show how rigorous FEED and value engineering can manage uncertainty, challenge unnecessary cost and enable CO₂ storage infrastructure to scale safely and cost-effectively.