— PEM: Corrosion-resistant titanium configurations are designed for acidic, high-potential operating conditions.

— AEM: Nickel-coated steel options are designed to combine electrical conductivity with corrosion resistance in alkaline environments.

— SOEC: Interconnect configurations support high-temperature steam electrolysis, which can achieve high efficiency and integrate suitable external heat sources.

— Precision chemical etching enables customized flow-field geometries. For PEM titanium plates, optional platinum coatings help limit surface passivation, reduce interfacial contact resistance, and support long-term electrical stability.